Unmanned Aerial Systems and Counter-UAS systems

SHAH ALAM: In recent years, the significance of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and Counter-UAS measures has become increasingly evident in modern warfare. These systems have proven to be crucial for militaries around the world, offering a range of capabilities that enhance their operations.

However, the use of UAS is not limited to military applications; they can also pose significant threats to the civilian population. UAS technology has advanced rapidly, allowing for more effective deployment by armed forces and other belligerents. These systems can be used for reconnaissance, surveillance, and even combat missions, providing a strategic advantage on the battlefield. The ability to operate UAS remotely and gather real-time intelligence has revolutionized military tactics, making them an indispensable tool for modern armies.

Among the more well known UAS are the MQ-9 Predator from the US; the Russian Kronsthadt Group Orion E; China’s Wing Loong and the Turkish TAI Anka and Bayraktar TB2. As for the UAS which became household name in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict are the Iranian Shaheds, Lancets and Orlan as used by the Russian forces. Ukraine is on the other hand are known to be using Polish Warmate and American Switchblade drones as well as a variety of homegrown UAS, even ones that could even reach Moscow.

Both countries have used UAS extensively. Ukrainian forces have repurposed commercial drones for reconnaissance, precision strikes, and direct engagement. For example, in July 2024, it was reported a Ukrainian operator successfully used a commercial drone to destroy a Russian Mi-8 helicopter. Further reports stated, British companies have provided Ukraine with robot dogs capable of reconnaissance and booby-trap detection. Russia has also developed similar technologies to counter Ukraine advancements in drone warfare. For more details on the ongoing Russian-Ukraine conflict go here.

Russian and Chinese forces have also experimented with arming UAS with sniper rifles and rocket launchers. China’s advancements in AI-driven reconnaissance drones further underline the growing sophistication of these systems. China has also developed bird-shaped drones, demonstrating their ability to bypass traditional security measures.

One of the key advancements in UAS technology is the development of more sophisticated sensors and cameras. These sensors can capture high-resolution images and videos, providing detailed information about enemy positions and movements. Additionally, UAS can be equipped with thermal imaging cameras, allowing them to operate effectively in low-light conditions and detect heat signatures from targets.

Another significant advancement is the improvement in UAS flight capabilities. Modern UAS can fly at higher altitudes and cover greater distances, making them more versatile and effective in various operational scenarios. The integration of advanced navigation systems, such as GPS and inertial navigation, ensures precise control and accuracy during missions .
Furthermore, UAS technology has seen advancements in payload capacity and versatility. UAS can now carry a variety of payloads, including weapons, communication equipment, and medical supplies. This versatility allows armed forces to adapt UAS for different mission requirements, enhancing their overall effectiveness.

On the other hand, the proliferation of UAS technology has also led to its misuse by terrorist organisations and criminal groups. These entities have employed UAS to harass and endanger civilians, creating a new dimension of threats that governments must address. The ability of UAS to carry payloads and execute precise attacks makes them a formidable weapon in the hands of malicious actors.

Given the dual-use nature of UAS, it is imperative for governments to develop and implement robust counter-UAS (C-UAS) measures. These measures are designed to detect, track, and neutralise hostile UAS, ensuring the safety and security of civilian population. C-UAS systems can employ various technologies, including radar, radio frequency jamming, and directed energy weapons, to effectively counter the threat posed by rogue UAS.

The importance of C-UAS measures cannot be overstated. Governments must invest in research and development to stay ahead of the evolving UAS threat landscape. Collaboration between nations can also enhance the effectiveness of C-UAS measures, as sharing knowledge and technology can lead to more comprehensive solutions.

C-UAS technologies are designed to detect, track, and neutralize hostile UAS, ensuring the safety and security of civilian populations. These systems employ various technologies, including radar, radio frequency jamming, and directed energy weapons, to effectively counter the threat posed by UAS.

Radar systems are used to detect and track UAS by identifying their unique signatures. These systems can provide real-time information about the location, speed, and altitude of the UAS, allowing operators to take appropriate action. Radio frequency jamming disrupts the communication between the UAS and its operator, rendering the UAS inoperable. This technology is particularly effective against UAS that rely on GPS for navigation.

Directed energy weapons, such as lasers, can be used to physically disable UAS by damaging their components. These weapons offer a precise and effective means of neutralizing UAS without causing collateral damage. Additionally, optical and acoustic detection systems can be used to identify UAS based on their visual and sound signatures, providing another layer of defense.

In conclusion, UAS and counter-UAS measures are critical components of modern warfare and civilian protection. While UAS offer significant advantages for military operations, their potential misuse by terrorists and criminals necessitates the development of effective countermeasures. Governments must prioritise the implementation of counter-UAS systems to safeguard their populations and maintain national security.

— Malaysian Defence

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